Entropy, Publishing, and the Author

The publishing process is a wonderful microcosm and exemplar of the principle of entropy. The constant question is where in the system—in the workflow—to put the energy to maintain the order of the system.

At the initiation of a publication, the "content" is in a very weak state of order. The different topics and subtopics in the raw manuscript are often not well related, not sequential (if sequence is an important quality), not all of the external facts are present or verified, and the language and syntax are not in their final states. When the publication is finally produced, everything has been ordered: the facts and phraseology have been checked and refined, the content has been reduced to some definitive visual form (typeface and pictures, e.g.), and all has been produced in physical form.

Somewhere between beginning and end, large quanta of order have been infused into the disordered, chaotic entity called the publication. Unless there is a high degree of redundant work ("digging a hole and filling it up again"), if there is an efficient production flow in which all undecideds are decided and all errors are rectified, then the amount of energy put into the ordering the material should be about the same.

The big issue is where to put the energy into the system: Should you give the knowledge-rich but computer-unsavvy workers a high-end editing or production tool—InCopy—which adds energy demand on them (and probably adds more to you later, when you clean up their errors)? Should you give them RTF files, which preserve a lot of the text styling and reduce their energy output, but which requires you to add your own energy-work to clean up and reflow their revisions? Should you let them just correct the text by hand on a paper proof (which concentrates their energy only to the content, but it's a low total energy output) and then type all of it in by youself (high engergy *and* slow procedure)? Or should you hire a typist or other text inputter to do that work for you so you can overlap with the layout?

I have always emphasized that in a workflow with several clearly-defined areas and groups of workers, do not shift burdens unnecessarily. Let the authors write the text (and, in this case, *write* the revisions or corrections); let the editors handle the manuscript preparation, from language and usage to production markup (which would include specialists, such as word-processor-typists entering written corrections); let the graphics and production staff handle the tasks of the design and layout of the publication. This minimizes redundant work—extra energy—which in not needed to maintain the total order of the final product.

Just What Is It That Makes Artworks So ... Artful?

Let's look at it from a different vantage point, i.e., not whether the artist intended it to be aesthetic-evoking, or even whether the perceiver suffered an aesthetic experience. Rather, let's look at what kind of things (objects, acts, etc.) can provoke an "aesthetic experience" and if these a.e.'s are categorically alike or at least very similar.

What kinds of "aesthetic" can be attributed to the feelings provoked by (a) a well-thrown and caught pass; (b) a painting; (c) a tasty cake; (d) a dog; (e) the proverbial sunset.

I believe they are all different in their kind, and the painting (b) stands out because it is not contingent, it is a free experience.

(a) The particularly remarkable sporting feat can only have one response (for each viewer, for each viewing) on a single continuum from very bad to very good, and the quality of the feat (and thus the cause of the "aesthetic" part of the experience) is foreordained by the history and rules of the game.

(c) The tastiness, and thus the basis for the "aesthetic" experience of the cake, is grounded in the physical appetite of eating, conditioned by the eater's experiences and food and flavor preferences, and is again limited to a scope of responses from nauseating to addictive, or some such range. Again, it's a contingent experience, and it's restricted by culinary history and cultural rules.

(d) One's "aesthetic" feeling for a domestic animal is similar to the "aesthetic" feeling of looking at human beauty, heavily conditioned by the anatomical limits of the creature, its specific and generic limits, one's own experiences of dogs, etc. More than that, the aesthetic experience is also contingent on the fact that a dog cannot not be a dog.

(e) Likewise with the sunset, with storm clouds blowing past, with the sublime landscapes, etc.

All of these (and many many more things in our daily life that are routinely called "aesthetic" and whose disciplines are often called "art") are prescribed, they are contingent on how they are made, used, found, etc. in social use. These things cannot be something else without ceasing to be what they are.

Works of art are made from the outset as fictions, as proposals and probationary things. That is, they are made from the outset to be what they are (painting, song, dance, story, etc.), but what they embody or represent is probationary, tentative, a rehearsal. I know that when I try to "look away" and disregard the connotations and references of the pictorial subjects, what is at play is specifically the non-contingent quality of a work of art.

A work of art—a painting, a story, a sculpture—can be anything. A football pass can only be that, and when someone proposes changing the convention so that a dropped pass is as good as a caught pass, most people would slough it off as a way to circumvent skill (or as a pointless Calvin and Hobbes exercise). If a dog looks or behaves differently, we generally think something is wrong; and when humans train animals to behave it ways that don't seem natural to them, many consider that harmful treatment. Dogs can (should) only be dogs. Sunsets? Every sunset is natural, for one thing, and it will always be red at the western horizon and blue at the eastern sky. To make it otherwise is something that can happen only in a work of art, which is free from the contingencies of actual existence and can be anything.

The sine qua non of a work of art is its fictitiousness, not its aesthetic qualities. Those qualities and the feelings they provoke come from the fictitious work, they don't precede it or inform it.

Beauty Is in the Ear of the Beseemer

Ever look dispassionately at ears? They're weird convoluted tissue flaps, hanging off the side of your head. We don't regard them as ugly. But if someone had eyelids that dropped in folds and looked like ears, we'd probably be startled or even grossed out. And, btw, our genitals are not that spiffy looking, when you think about them. But, for most of us, they are pleasant to apprehend.

Nature offers us many emotional occasions--sunsets, newborn babies, gathering storm clouds, raging rapids and tranquil pools, animals big and small with tooth and claw, lightning, offal and worms that eat offal, sulphur springs, slugs, etc. etc.--none of which is beautiful or ugly, good or bad, right or wrong.

There is no tragedy in nature, as there is no vindication or triumph. The earth shifts and kills living things, stones are crushed, waves speed ashore and strip the ground of all its coverage, fires burn uncontrolled until the ground itself is black. And then life continues, everywhere. Nature is not wrong for producing these things.

We may experience overwhelming feelings when we confront nature, when we look upon the Aurora Borealis or an avalanche, fields of flowers to the horizon and carnivores feeding on the slow members of the herd, etc. These feelings come down, basically, to awe or repulsion, not beauty or ugliness. Tics I hate, they make me cringe and recoil, but they are not ugly. They're repellent, disgusting, horrifying even. A blazing sunset, radiating beams through broken, burning salmon-colored clouds, fills us with awe at the grandness of nature, which at that moment is perceived as benign. But what happens a mere 30 minutes or hour later, when the last rays of the sun have departed and the world is wrapped in inky darkness? Fear and trepidation begin to rise in our consciousness. The awe of delight at the sunset changes to the awe of fear of nocturnal predators adapted to find their prey.

Beauty and ugliness are words we use to describe properties we have extracted from "out there" and placed "in here," in a work of art, to permit us to contemplate things that otherwise are terrifying or comforting.

There are only two emotions, or perhaps more precisely, only two proto-emotions: fear and security. These are our raw, visceral response to life, and they produce reactions like disgust at parasites or dung. In tandem with them, we have appetites that move us and give us impetus and motivation to behave in certain ways. Lastly, on top of the two basic emotions and our appetites, we have developed a wide array of social behaviors that are tied to them in amazingly subtle and nuanced ways, which we refer to as "our feelings." They are our gut reactions of security or insecurity in light of social behavior and social customs or cultural artifacts.

Views of importance

In publishing, inevitably there are the tensions that arise between the different participants in the drama of getting a document printed. From the actors' views of their roles in the process, the importance of the success rests squarely on their own shoulders:

To the author, the main work ends when he or she completes the text. The editor, designer, and printer all perform "after-market" services that put the finishing touches on the author's complete text.

To the editor, the author's manuscript is the raw materials, filled with the basic factual knowledge or content, but often poorly formed, which the editor then refines and completes and then passes along to the designer, who really is part of the process of getting the complete, edited manuscript printed.

To the designer, the author and editor work together to prepare the final content of the publication, but it really has no tangible form until the designer infuses the malleable text with it. The designer gives the author's ideas actual shape and completes the creative formation of the publication, and then hands it off to the printer, who plays a craftsman's role of executing the design.

To the printer, there would be no product without his or her work; all that precedes the printing is prologue: the author's edited text is a single thing, and even the designer's layout is a limited thing, until it is given actual physical existence on paper.

On Creativity

Often we hear an expression like "that shows a lot of creativity." What does this refer to? Initially, the term may seem to be pretty much a straightforward concept. But examined more closely, it signifies an ill-defined but widely accepted notion of a generally admirable capacity by certain people ("creative types") to perceive obscure connections between things, to discern aspects of something that to lesser intelligences are imperceptible, to leap past the traditional, conventional, and hidebound to the new expression—in a word, to be innovative. Why do we not say so? Why do we disguise this desirable skill, discernment, with the fuzzier word "creativity"?

By doing so, do we try to evoke grander qualities in our work than those which mere discernment, insight, or deduction convey? Has this uncritical use of the term "creative" in fact become a form of intellectual social-climbing?

In actuality, we can only know creativity retrospectively. We cannot look ahead and intend to achieve creativity, because to do so would be to jump over the actual work we would have to do. Quite the contrary: in order for us to encounter our own creativity, we must look back on what we have made, and it is there that we see manifested what we name "creativity" for lack of a more precise word. Nor can we establish creativity as our goal any more than we can aim for articulateness or sensitivity or gracefulness as a goal. That would be akin to aiming for height as a goal of growing up. Our goal should be to speak articulately, to dance gracefully, to play the piano sensitively, to paint ... well, painterly? paintfully? Surely we are misguided when we aspire to paint creatively, because to do that is again to look past the work of the artist to the manifestation of the work.

It in not uncommon to speak of wanting to get more opportunities at one's job to do the really creative assignments in distinction to the more humdrum. It is misguided to expect to find the opportunity of doing "more creative" work in one job than in another. The opportunity is always there in every job to do "creative" work. Usually one means to say that some jobs are more suited to more overtly spectacular treatment and qualify for larger budgets which allow more accoutrements, or costlier materials, or custom effects, etc. It is this grander treatment that tests the artists skills, imagination, discernment and taste, intellectual comprehension, and technical grasp of production matters, and which by successfully accomplishing the purposes of the job gives the a greater sense of satisfaction. Thus, it is this nexus of intellectual concentration, sensorial satisfaction, purpose, and moral or social fulfillment that wells up in the "creative" job that make it more attractive than the mundane, the rote, the trivial.

To be sure, what we call "creative" properly refers to these other properties and aspects--discernment, judgment, knowledge, etc.

It is instructive to look at our usage of these terms. The OED defines "creative," but it does not list the word "creativity" at all. The 1969 edition of the American Heritage Dictionary only lists "creativity" as a derivative word under the entry, "creative." The widespread use of "creative" and "creativity" with its sheer honorific sense is a late-twentieth century phenomenon.

What does "creative" mean? According to the OED, it is the quality of being able to create, the ability to bring something into being from nothing. That kind of creating has typically been left to God (or, the gods); and in its alternate manifestation of "procreating," it refers to what parents do. It also designates those who make corporations and knights and refers to the first actor to play a part and thereby give the role its characteristic portrayal. And lastly the OED refers to those whom we deem to be the most creative, the artists, writers, musicians, etc.

Well, now, what is going on here? Why do we want so desperately to be allowed to be creative? Why do we want our children to be creative in school? Why do we elevate their drawings to the status of artwork, and exhibit them in the Salon de la Refrigerator Door? Why do we lament mere routine work and pine for the chance to do a "creative" job? Why is it as certain--and as frequent--as the seasons that there will be lengthy discussions mulling the ways to engender and nurture and expand and gain recognition for and praise for and more money for . . . creativeness? Why are we continuously cautioned, with great alarm, about the threat from antagonists of creativity, to wit, commerce, management, dullards, in a word, Babbitt?

Shall we proclaim that creativity is what happens when we do, say, graphic design work. That creativity is what happens when we take photographs and design layouts and make a new font and draw a picture. Uh, no. Design is what happens when we do graphic design work. Photography is what happens when we take photographs. Typography is what happens when we make a new font. Drawing is what happens when we draw.

Creativity is that abstraction that allows us to speak about the confluence of skills, experiences, discernments, sensitivities, perceptions, deductions, sensorial responses, and emotions that envelop the act of making something. "Creativity" is the fancy word we now prefer which replaces the more correct term "making." There is nothing wrong with making, by the way. Remember, in the beginning, God made the world. Okay, okay, so he created it--same thing, right?

Is this not just a quibble about words? Why do we care about the difference? Precisely when we exalt "creativity," we reify an abstraction that exists only in our intellects, and forsake the reality behind the abstraction. It reminds me of when I was in art school and we all said to each other, "I'm going to the studio and make art." Well, what we were going to do was paint or sculpt or whatever. We were going to do what we were going to do. The old aphorism has it right: heroes are made, not born. That is, they (the heroes) become what they are called later by what they do. We are creative to the extent that we make things.

When I am confronted with a design difficulty, I don't go to a resource called "creativity." I can't; it's not there! Instead, I look at the tangible material things in front of me, elucidate the sticking point, and discern a resolution. When I am painting, at some point I may say to myself, "What now? What's wrong here? Why am I at a stopping point?" I never ask myself, "What is the creative way out of this muddle?" The good or right way out is the

Political Art

Son of God, Prophet of Allah. 

©2008. Oil on canvas. 48" x 24"

Watching Being Watched 

©1981, oil on canvas, 84"x36"

The paradox encountered by political artists is that the visual arts exhibit two seemingly contradictory modes simultaneously. The visual arts, uniquely among the various arts, can be both representational and sensorial. That is, a painting can be both the material thing painted and its content (which is inexactly called subject matter). The visual arts span a wide range between two extremities of "meaning." At one extreme is literature, pure symbolic expression, the one art which possesses virtually no central, essential, informing sensorial quality. There is nothing tangible that is absolutely necessary to the content of a story. A book can be hand- or typewritten, it can be a cheap paperback or a lavish leather-bound volume. Its beauty and fineness of presentation do not alter its content, which still refers to the same things.

Not so the other arts. Music needs-is defined by-physical sound heard by someone. Dance requires a moving body. Music does not refer to some other thing, but refers to and presents only itself. Likewise, dance does not point to other things, but to the organization and presentation of itself. Now the visual arts can be both representational or referential, as in literature, and sensuous, as in music.

It is this singular capacity to be both which ultimately works against the political purposes of art. How are we simultaneously to keep our attention on these two different modes of the work? The dilemma of all representational art is this: one mode has to be dominant over the other. That mode is the sensuous, not the propositional.

Our experience has shown us that, when all is said and done, when time has passed, the formal properties and elements dominate our appreciation and our aesthetic judgment of the work. We marvel at the consummate skill of Rubens, we are gripped by the dramatic lighting of Caravaggio, and we are perplexed at the vast talent of Bouguereau trivialized on salacious themes. The classical pleasure of delecto derives from the application of the paint, the richness of the marble, the suppleness of the dancer's body, the timbre of the instrument, as much as it does from the represented subject.

There is a large body of analysis and criticism which argues forcefully against subject matter and the consequent captive sentiment in pictures, and for the formal and material properties of art. This is the position of formalist and Modernist criticism, and is largely a twentieth century idea. Oppositely, the greater part of preceding art theory and criticism placed a strong emphasis on subject matter. Diderot's promotion of Greuze and similar moralizing painters in the eighteenth century, for example, rested on just this point. The moral tone of Neo-classicism, Romanticism, and Realism relied on the subject to provide a significant component of representations, that is, an action or event which was its moral locus. Even Impressionism claimed to be more relevant than academic painting, and purposely chose as its subject matter la vie moderne.

Without a personal commitment to the particular issue, we view Delacroix's The Massacre at Chios with the same aloof interest as we do one of his Arab Horseman Attacked by a Lion or The Death of Sardanapalus. For me, in a similar way, I have little spontaneous response to the political agenda of Goya's court paintings or The Fourth of May. (But I do feel a strong response to Saturn Devouring One of His Sons.) This suggests to me that certain representations provoke such a visceral response as to remove them from a the ambit of classical aesthetics. This happens in response to the referential subject matter: and only few such subjects and their treatment summon forth such strong reactions.

Inevitably all representations (which music, for example, is not) refer to the world of experience. In that world, our actions are guided by some set of moral or ethical principles. Our decisions are based on consequences. But in art, there is the contemplative sensorial element, there is the capacity to apprehend the works in themselves without recourse to the accuracy of the depictions. (This, in fact, is the conclusion Herbert Marcuse arrived at after seeing Picasso's Guernica.) The timelessness of Shakespeare or Sophocles is said to come from the universality of their themes. (We need glosses to help explain the political references in their plays, but we need no interpretative notes to explicate Falstaff's "What is honor" speech.)

The Roots of "Political Art"

Every action and artifact has at least a minimal “political” component. This is particularly so of representations, because as such, they are intentionally edited and shaped by the artist or author to coincide with an end purpose. Art has always served a political purpose, viz., by magnifying the ruler or deities and by honoring and sustaining the privileged class and its institutions. This occurred in a different social system—one of an artisan class or craft guild economically dependent on a patron class—and usually took the form of officially sanctioned and commissioned art (that is, most of the art which is studied in art history).

But a marked changed of attitude occurred with the Protestant Reformation, gained a widespread support with the revolutions of the eighteenth century, and was hurried along by industrialized capitalism and mass communications.

That attitude exalted individualism and personal opinions and set the individual in an adversarial relationship with such authoritarian institutions as government and Church. By the end of the nineteenth century, the very decision to be an artist included the decision to be either an exiled avant garde artist or a traditional artist.

There are several roots of “political” art. One is found in the hierarchy of genres promulgated in the latter seventeenth century by the French Academy to rank the seriousness of works of art. At the top was history painting, so-called because the subjects portrayed moral action or events taken from Classical literature or Biblical stories. The lesser genres included portraits, landscapes, and still lifes. In the Academy's formulation, such paintings were inferior because they were merely reportorial pictures without moral force or artistic imagination. In the eighteenth century, Diderot advanced the cause of moralizing art when he championed the bathetic portrayals of Greuze and others. Such pictorial exhorting reached its most exalted status in the French Revolution, when David's Neo-classical civic lessons were annexed to the purposes of the Revolution.

The American and French Revolutions themselves are representative of another source for the “political” in art, that is, the decline of the aristocracy and rise of popular democracies and mass education. Liberal democratic government in Western industrial societies was premised upon the involvement of the great numbers of people previously unenfranchised. As education spread, social and political counselors and essayists promoted the merits of an informed electorate.

Implicit in the concept of an informed and educated electorate, and enhanced by the doctrine of a personal rather than authoritative interpretation of moral precepts, was the impetus to political activism By the middle of the nineteenth century, Marxist theory proposed that all of industrial capitalism would face an on-going proletarian revolution until the vindication of socialism. Social reformers of the last century, like Saint-Simon and Fournier, saw a restructuring of society along socialist lines and led by artists, engineers, and scientists. Romanticism, which theoretically was based on the same fundamentals as the democratic revolutions of America and France, placed a great emphasis on the concept of artistic genius and the uniqueness of artistic sensitivity. This was absorbed into the socialist proposals of the last centuries, and artists were thought to be possessed of a particular temperament or insight which made them especially fitted as social critics and managers. This attitude persisted into the twentieth century, propagated by artists and non-artists alike. There is a supposed special sensitivity to matters of the heart or human relations that artists have which other mortals do not have. It is this self-delusion of the artistic community about the nature of artistic sensitivity which has led artists to exile themselves from society and to critique it, and simultaneously to claim to be the visionaries who can right society's wrongs.

Yet another source can be found in the development of the portable easel painting. Once the work of art (more accurately a painting) was liberated from its site and the meaning of its location, the messages of pictures became interchangeable commodities. This interchangeability allowed for the rise of the museum, the institution of meta-meaning, in which artworks qua art and artistic value existed in isolation from their cultural context. The museum in turn reciprocally created the conditions which greatly magnified the independent value of the artist as maker, and thus elevated the value of the artist's genius and sensitivity embodied in the work. And so, it is in a museum that Picasso's Guernica is shown, not in the rubble of a Basque town.

Inevitably, it is in a culture and society that puts portable and interchangeable art on its sanctuary walls that the utter ineffectiveness and irrelevance of "political" art is demonstrated. The "political" in art is ineffective because consumer capitalism so effectively neutralizes its message. The museum or gallery is driven by cultural interests which themselves are driven by economic interests. We hear not infrequently of a museum's refusal to part with, say, a section of an altarpiece in order that the whole altarpiece be restored intact, because of the museum's claimed commitment to presenting a wide diversity of art to its constituency. The museum shows itself impervious to the original meaning and import of works of art. Similarly, when an exhibit of highly politicized works is shown at a relatively elite place (up-scale art gallery) that is frequented by people who are prepared for the political frameworks (museum as meta-meaning and leftist, generally). Such works in museums typically get relatively little public exposure, whereas genuine propaganda, the effective political art, gets a very widespread showing.

Because it is trivialized in the gallery, "political" art is ineffective, and because it is ineffective, it is irrelevant. What political good is something which does not work? Besides, who cares? The disseminators of propaganda or advertising care enough to carry through: an army will feed and clothe and pay the soldier it recruits, a store will sell the customer the product, and the church will take in and succor its lost souls. Will political artists do as much? 

Codex Sinaiticus online

The oldest existing copy of the Christian Bible is the Codex Sinaiticus. Starting July 6, all of the extant pages, separated in four collections, will be available online at this website. 

http://www.codex-sinaiticus.net/en/

Enjoy this wonderful document. And the website is both beautifully realized and very useful and functional.